中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
影响航母和舰载机发展的因素有哪些?****** 航母问世已有百余年的历史,二者可以说是一种剑不离鞘、鞘不离剑的关系,既相互依存,又相互促进,成就了当今海上霸主的地位。现在,有10个国家装备22艘航母。在这些航母中,美国和法国装备核动力常规起降航母,其他国家的航母属于滑跃起飞航母,装有滑跃起飞甲板。美法两国的航母和舰载机基本是交替迭代发展的,其他国家基本是根据可获得的舰载机发展航母的。 图为:歼-15舰载机在航母上降落 纵观国外航母和舰载机的发展历史,影响航母和舰载机的发展主要因素有这样几个:第一、军事需求;第二,对舰载机及其作战使用的认识,或者说赋予舰载机的使命任务;第三是国家的造船工业能力;第四,国家财力支持的力度。受这些因素的影响,各国航母呈现出大小之分和起降方式的差异。下面我们看美国、苏联、英国战后航母和舰载机的发展。 所谓军事需求,首先是国家军事战略需求,要不要发展航母,其次是未来准备打什么仗,潜在作战对手的装备情况等。我们再来看对舰载机及其使用的认识,以美国和苏联为例(俄罗斯几十年来没有发展航母和舰载机,所以这里主要讲的是苏联时期的发展情况),美国海军认为舰载机具备多种作战能力,可重复使用,使用成本相对较低;无论是反舰、空战,还是对陆攻击任务,舰载机都可以承担,经过两次世界大战的洗礼和战后的多场战争的考验,赋予舰载机的作战任务越来越多,因此,舰载机的能力也随之越来越强。 而苏联海军则认为,在海战中,反舰导弹比舰载机反应速度更快,使用导弹可以更快地摧毁敌方舰艇,所以在航母上装备了远程反舰导弹,这在航母史上也可称得上独树一帜。因此,苏联海军的舰载机主要用于攻势防空,舰上虽然也配备了苏-24战术轰炸机,但它大概也是在反舰导弹实施第一轮攻击后,补刀用的。在守势防空方面,苏联海军也比较注重导弹的作用,在舰上装备了4座6单元SA-N-9防空导弹垂直发射装置,备弹192枚。 因为专注发展核潜艇和导弹,对舰载机没有强烈的军事需求,所以苏联海军也没有在舰载机的研发方面投入很大的精力和财力。苏联早期曾投资研制过雅克垂直短距起降的舰载机,但最终没有结果。因为欠账太多,在苏-27战斗机退役后,只能改装当年在竞争中败给苏-27的米格-29战斗机,以解燃眉之急。 我们再看英国,英国原是航母大国,二战结束时,英国还曾保有15艘攻击型航母和36艘护航航母、1300多架舰载机。英国还是第一个喷气式飞机上舰的国家,截至50年代,先后发展了“毒液”“弯刀”等5型固定翼舰载战斗机和1型舰载反潜机。后来,因国防战略的调整,受“导弹制胜论”的影响,开始削减航母,不再发展舰载机。20世纪70年代,英国海军利用“鹞”式飞机,发展了滑跃起飞的轻型航母,同时也为中小国家发展航母开辟了新途径。意大利、西班牙、泰国等国的航母都采取了这种发展模式。 国家工业基础的重要性不言而喻,其实目前能够建造、维持大型航母的国家也没有几个。另一方面,虽然建造船体相对简单,但维持舰载机在舰上正常运转、执行作战任务并不容易,需要庞大、复杂的各种系统,以及设备的支持。有人用综合国力来形容航母的发展是非常恰当的。财力支持也是非常重要的因素,现在航母的建造费用越来越高,美国福特级航母的造价已高达140亿美元,一艘航母服役四五十年,这期间每隔几年还要进行维修、大修,全寿期费用高达数百亿美元,如果再加上两代舰载机的采购费、维修保养费等,总费用还要翻倍,所以一般国家根本没有力量研制舰载机和建造、维持航母。 作者简介:侯建军,原海军装备研究院某研究所总工程师、研究员,他长期致力于外国海军装备发展研究,著述30余部,获国家科技进步二等奖1项,、军队科技进步二等奖3项,被评为国防科技信息事业50周年优秀工作者。 出品:科普中国军事科技前沿 作者:侯建军 策划:金赫 监制:光明网科普事业部 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() ![]() 彩神彩票地图 |